This indicates that you have given a nonsensical value for clock rate to the card:
16451 ? SLsl 5:20 /usr/bin/jackd --sync -P80 -ndefault -dalsa -dhw:UMC1820 -r441
The argument to -r should be either 44100 or 48000.
You do not mention what model of Yamaha keyboard you have, the Motif line of synthesizers only outputs 44.1k sample rate data, so you should check the jackd console output to see what sample rate it actually used when you requested 441 Hz instead of 44100 Hz. 44100 is the lowest rate that the UMC1820 supports, so likely jackd defaulted to that anyway, but it would be good to verify.
You must choose SPDIF as the clock source if you are using the S/PDIF input, there is no need to try all the wrong settings.
arecord
I do not think arecord allows you to choose which channels are recorded, so to record the capture from the S/PDIF channels you may have to record 10 channels and then only check channels 9 and 10 after you stop recording.
As Paul previously pointed out the HDMI card is not relevant (assuming you are not using your video card as an audio interface).
A stand-alone mixer can presumably operate as a mixer without ALSA, but you will not be able to get the audio into your computer without ALSA. Linux has one audio driver subsystem, and that is ALSA. There is no alternative when using a modern linux kernel.
Does patchage save connections? I am not familiar with using that tool, I see from a screenshot that it has a file menu which seems to be for storing setups. Does patchage attempt to load the most recently used configuration when patchage starts?
But you showed connections in patchage before. If you are only using Ardour why not just show the connections in the audio connections window? Is patchage in use, or do you really have “nothing else” except Ardour and jackd?
For that matter, why even use jackd? If you are trying to isolate problems with the configuration of your audio interface it is easiest to start with the most basic configuration, just Ardour or Mixbus alone without using jackd, or even the arecord utility I mentioned previously
Or if you want to use jackd, you do not need to use Ardour, just connect input channels 9 and 10 to the channels you use for output to your speakers (probably 1 and 2, but whatever channels you use).
That would allow you to verify that audio is received on channels 9 and 10.